The reason for many tensions in the family is the lack of an element called peace. The problems of modern life, the existence of new technologies that surround humans, biological and noise pollution, the volume of stressful news, and in contrast to these cases, the removal of many elements that had a special place in the past and caused happiness and vitality and patience of humans, such as the use of Water and green spaces, big houses with yards, social interactions have caused psychosis in humans. With the return of the elements that provide peace in the living space, many psychological adversities can be prevented and the house can be a safe haven for its residents, who can live in it regardless of all the anomalies outside. Communication with nature is the most essential human need. Research shows that nature and greenery can improve mental health. Today, architects design houses in a way that does not have a positive effect on human mental health. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effective factors of traditional houses (Yazd city) on human mental health and to meet the natural need of a person to experience diverse environments in order to achieve peace. The method of the current research is descriptive-analytical and the means of collecting information is library and field. The results of the research show that it is necessary to use the elements of traditional houses for the mental health of people in the present era and the design of future houses.

Problem statement: Chaharsofe houses are considered to be one of the most valuable architectural buildings of Iran, such that some researchers consider the design of some monuments with different functions during the Islamic era to be derived from the Chaharsofe houses. Understanding the features of Chaharsofe houses will help maintaining and restoring these valuable buildings and will play an important role in identifying the influential characteristics in the formation of the spaces of the historical houses. Research Purpose: This research is based on the fact that the characteristics of Chaharsofe houses have played a significant role in the micro and macro structures of the introverted historical houses. This research seeks to recognize the formal features of the texture of Chaharsofe houses and, accordingly, to analyze the formal features of the texture of the historic houses built in the city of Isfahan. Research method: In this regard, this research explores the formal features of a recurring form in Chaharsofe houses for the first time and reveals their impact on the emergence of the plan of introverted houses spaces. In general, this research will be conducted to characterize the components of Chaharsofe houses and how they were used in the residential buildings constructed in the following periods. The research method used in this research is comparative, historical, and interpretive whose interpretation has been done inductively; the applied tools include collecting information with a library method, field method, and conducting structured interviews with experts and professors. The present research seeks to reveal the recurring formal features of Chaharsofe houses in creating the spaces in the plan of Isfahan’ s introverted houses. Conclusion: The results showed that the characteristics of Chaharsofe houses on micro and macro scale have a significant role in the formation of the spaces in the plan of the introverted houses.

The fast pace of changes in the old urban fabrics accentuates the way we approach and deal with these fabrics, regardless of the positive or negative aspects of the physical changes that depend on the views of the planners and the policies adopted. It is necessary to document and record the previous architectural patterns. The main challenge in this confrontation is whether the old buildings of the city of Arak have the ability to be categorized in a typology, and how to recognize the main types of identified structures in this fabric. This research, with a descriptive approach, elucidates the architectural theme and zoning in the historic urban fabric, and focuses on the general orientation of residential buildings, the generic elements of the building, its physical elements and its components, and their applications in the old houses. As a result, this descriptive– historical study, in which a combination of methods was used, led to recognition of residential typology and understanding of major types of residential architecture patterns in the old context. Finally, three main types were introduced in the houses of Arak. Given the developments in the last century, historic houses are severely subject to destruction, while the majority of residential areas in Iran are located in historic urban fabrics. Studies show that there has not been much research conducted on these houses and there is no comprehensive understanding of them, while emphasizing on the basic needs of the Iranian people and their environment can lead us to the appropriate housing pattern for Iranians. The city of Arak has been considered majorly from an industrial and commercial point of view. In this regard, the architecture and urbanization of Arak have been neglected and its developments have been neglected. Except for a few cases that have generally addressed the subject, this idea has not been previously researched. On the other hand, the houses of Arak are suitable models for understanding the development of Arak architecture due to their dispersion in the city and belonging to different time periods. For this purpose, in this research, the typology of traditional houses in Arak has been studied. Studies show that there are different definitions and methods for typology. Therefore, after studying the shape, climate, cultural, and structure of materials, the historical typology of Qajar houses in Arak is discussed. Three house types have been identified by surveys carried out on Arak houses:-Type A (Mountainous Type)-Type B (Desert Type)-Type C (Extrovert Type) The mountainous type is derived from the architecture style of cold and dry climate of Iran such as Hamedan, Kurdistan, and so on. In this type, the shape of the plan is compact with one or two sides; it is asymmetric, with two floors most often and an average occupancy level with a large number of rooms. The desert type is based on the architecture of Iranian desert cities such as Yazd and Kashan. In this type, two other subcategories are also observed. The first subcategory (B1) is very similar to the houses of the hot and dry climate of Iran with a central courtyard. Mostly the central courtyard has three or four sides and is symmetrical, with mostly two floors and a medium occupancy level with a large number of rooms. The second subcategory (B2) is more closely related to desert type in terms of spatial organization and is generally different from the central courtyard houses. In terms of the shape of a plan, it has two or three sides, and is asymmetric, most often with two floors and an average occupancy level with a small number of rooms. The extrovert type, which originated in Pahlavi period, is derived from the typical Persian Pahlavi architecture of Iran. This type has been created outside the fabric of the castle. In terms of shape, they have extrovert plans; it has an asymmetrical structure, mostly with two floors and with a low occupancy level with a large number of rooms. On the other hand, over time, the spatial organization of houses has changed from Qajar period to Pahlavi era:-The houses have become more extrovert and the central courtyards have become fewer.-There is less symmetry in Pahlavi houses.-The vast majority of houses in the old city (castle of Sultan Abad) have a central courtyard, but this pattern is lost once the city was expanded outside the castle. Overall, in houses outside the fabric, the area of the yard is larger than the houses inside the fabric.

The architecture of houses, design and management are a collection of behaviors that are realized in space. The recognition of traditional houses requires having space in possession; that is to say, seeing the building and seeking the key to appreciating it. On the one hand, it refers to the different dimensions and features of the building and on the other, it represents the main objectives of life and the respective spiritual content in the builders’ lifestyles. Employing the typological method, this article has attempted to arrive at an applied appreciation of criteria for organizing space in traditional houses in Qazvin.In the theoretical section, this study made use of a qualitative and librarybased approach and an analytical-descriptive method for the theoretical framework. In the applied section, however, this research employed a library-based approach as well as an experimental-descriptive method to observe and assess the documents attributed to these old houses. The results of the present study indicate that with respect to spatial patterns, there are three types of space: open, closed and covered. They are shaped when combined with the three components of roof, ceiling and wall depending on the location, weather, temperature and the area of the yard.

The spatial structure of Iranian houses, despite the spatial differences, have the same physical characteristics. Throughout history, various factors had an impact on the formation of the physical elements of houses, climate, culture, and economy being the most important. This research aims to analyze the spatial structure of the introverted houses of the Qajar era with the approach of space syntax in order to identify the effectiveness of the criteria of privacy, geometry, hierarchy, orientation and composition. The research method in this study is descriptive and analytical, and the collection of materials was done by library method and field observation. In the process of analysis, four Qajar houses with a central courtyard form were selected in the cities of the four climates of Iran, in order to determine the role of climate, culture and economy in the characteristics of the architectural body through the analysis of the graphs obtained from the data access graph and comparative analysis. The results of the research indicated that in the form of the central courtyard, due to privacy, the private part is the farthest from the entrance. The geometry of the plan is axial and the existence of spatial hierarchy in the entrance part has helped the natural circulation inside the house. In humid climates, the orientation is towards the local wind, which helps ventilation, and in hot, dry and cold mountainous climates, it is towards the south, so that the main parts of the house are warmed by sunlight in winter. The composition is also perfect in the examined samples and local materials are used in its partial elements.

The promotion of technology and science is one of the Manifestations of community development and is one of the main programs in developing countries. Following this development limitations and problems also appear. Due to advances in technology and consequently increasing energy consumption, especially in the housing sector, numerous issues including costs and environmental pollution, arise. In parallel to these issues in recent decades, in the design of small and medium-sized country houses, the calculations of the installation engineer related to comfort and low energy consumption have received little attention. Whereas in the past, according to traditional Iranian architectural patterns, passive cooling without energy consumption has been the most important part of providing comfort in hot and dry climates. Also, it seems to be a particular link between the architectural design patterns formed by geometrical proportions and the climatic design, that made the design faster and less neglected to provide comfort. However, today, with advanced computing technologies, we still see numerous buildings with severe deficiencies in climate design. This article assumes that there is a significant geometric structure from the perspective of static cooling in the traditional houses of Shiraz, seeking to find the relationship between the geometric structure of the architectural design to detect the optimal conditions of comfort with the lowest energy consumption and the fastest design time. In this regard, evaluating past designs with a point of view of energy based on new standards is a priority for the research path. The research method is descriptive-analytical and due to variation in passive cooling techniques and methods, along with computer analysis. After selecting the samples according to the criteria and extracting the geometric design pattern, base model production and energy analysis with the use of Design Builder software are performed, which enables the evaluation of the energy level of houses by adaptation of the analysis to the Iranian energy classification standard. Finally, it can be concluded that the geometrical and structural patterns used in the selected homes are significantly consistent with the comfort conditions. In other words, the numerical proportions available at "Peymon", could produce a structure of dimensions and coexistence of components at the time of architectural designing that, in addition to meeting the structural and aesthetic requirements, were responsive to current energy consumption standards. At the time of the designing of the buildings, due to the lack of installation systems, this privilege was obtained only through static methods. In the performed analyzes, all extracted base patterns without any change in the components conducted Energy class label C. Next; it was possible to upgrade to B and A levels by optimizing the structure with thermal Insulation and double glazed window, etc. In the end, we can say that the modern architectural design inspired by the "peymoon" theory can increase the quality of energy consumption in the buildings with high speed and ease. So if in today's buildings, in the architectural design process, we use a pattern-based approach to the peymoon structure, at least in possible parts such as facades or general geometry؛ Not only can design time be reduced, but even without the need for installation engineer calculations in the energy field (which is usually eliminated in the design of small and sometimes medium-sized houses) much better conditions can be achieved in terms of energy efficiency.

From long ago, “house” was something more than just a shelter and the spiritual aspects could be seen in every step, from construction to the usage. But nowadays, ignoring the quality as well as spiritual requirements of the inhabitants while considering the economical and functional factors, result in reducing the role of houses in devoting the identification to the human beings, to the extent which one of the regardless issues in programming and designing process of the houses appear to be the cultural values. From the authors’ point of view, making use of our ancestors’ experiences in designing the identified houses, today known as “Iranian houses”, seems to be helpful in overcoming the current situation. The paper is a case study research with a combinational method that has the descriptive, analytical and logical reasoning research methods. Therefore, in this article, the authors tried to investigate the valuable concepts of traditional Iranian houses, relied on the particular lifestyle by the means of direct observation, field study, documents review and interviewing with some of the traditional houses inhabitants. Thus, for identification of “life”, indicators such as family and lifestyle are discussed and the data resulting from the questionnaires is listed .The results show that there was correct relation between the building and the inhabitants’ “life style” in traditional houses. In this way, the association between “the life” and some of the important factors found in the Iranian houses, including nature, group living, space flexibility, neighbors, beauty etc. are explained to achieve a comprehensive viewpoint of Iranian houses.

Historical houses are of special importance in terms of architectural principles and geometric features. This study examines the characteristics of the geometric principles adopted in the houses of the Safavid and Qajar periods. The main goal is to know the geometric characteristics of the courtyard and facade in historical houses and to investigate their influence on each other. Extensive research has been done in this area, but no study has been done to examine the length of the yard to the height of the facade and the ratio of the length to the width of the yard. The statistical population of this study includes historical houses in the central courtyard of Isfahan city, from which 15 houses have been selected and investigated by purposeful sampling. The methodological approach of the research is based on field studies and geometric-arithmetic analysis. The tools used are drawing and AutoCAD drawing software. If the axis of the courtyard is north-south in the studied houses, the facades in the rectangular houses with two, three, and four fronts are placed in such a way that the north facade is higher than the other three facades, and if the axis of the yard is east-west, this phenomenon does not exist. Views and their orientation in the yard are one of the most influential components in obtaining the appropriateness of the yard to the Facades.

Kashan is a city in Iran with a host of traditional houses that date to the Qajar period. Sociocultural and climatic factors have had the greatest impact on their spatial configurations. In this study, focusing on entrances, the spatial configuration of houses in Kashan is analyzed. Houses are first categorized in terms of physical form in four categories: single-courtyard houses with massing on two sides; single-courtyard houses with massing on three sides; single-courtyard houses with massing on four sides; and double-courtyard houses with massing on four sides. In the second step, the number of entrances and their positions were identified. Next, spatial configuration analysis is used to analyze entrances in each category. In this regard, two indices of integration and step depth (visual connection) are assessed. In the third step, the arrangement of summer and winter sections of houses in each group was investigated based on Justified Graphs and Visibility Graph Analysis. The main hypothesis of this study is that houses in each category have similar spatial connections and that the spatial organization of the summer and winter sections are different. In addition, the relationship between the entrance spaces and residential spaces in each category is discussed. The results show that in terms of spatial configuration, there are houses with different visual depths in each category, but similar sociocultural implications are evident in all configurations that are based on sociocultural characteristics of Iranian-Islamic architecture in Kashan. Also, the spatial organization of the summer and winter living sections is varied. With regard to entrances, it was observed that in all categories, an increase in the number of entrances does not necessarily reduce the visual layering of houses.

To reach greater efficiency, traditional houses have experimentally achieved principles and patterns over time that are repeated explicitly or implicitly in all houses. Providing great harmony with the culture and climate of the region, some of these principles are used in a larger spatial or temporal range and some in a smaller range. The study aims to identify and study the principles and physical patterns of traditional houses in Kashan by providing examples. The research is applied and qualitative and uses descriptive and analytical methods based on case studies. Data collection was conducted through field surveys and studying written sources. The scope of the study is the traditional houses of Kashan in Jalali fort during the Qajar and First Pahlavi period. The case study consists of eight houses that were randomly selected from the collection of houses of the Kashan Cultural Heritage Organization. The findings of this study are categorized into three main patterns: the pattern of relationships with the surroundings and the city, the pattern of spatial arrangement and formation, the pattern of activity and functions. These patterns include eight principles: in harmony with the context, simplicity of the external body, negative space as a forming center, coherence of the positive space, sequential and articular spatial arrangement, confidentiality, variety of functional spaces, and multiple sides for different activities. The results of this research show how houses are formed based on the mentioned patterns and principles starting from the courtyard and evolving to the relationships with the city back and forth. By explaining these principles, this research can pave the way for recognizing other principles and patterns that shape traditional houses.